Op-ed China Daily: Smart cities needed to save our planet 外籍专家：希望中国成为发展低碳城市的坚强践行者
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This is my op-ed article about cities in today's China Daily. [Updated 090824 with link to a Chinese version, also pasted in below the English version]. The role of cities will be key in the coming years. I hope that the negotiations in Copenhagen and the implementation of the stimulus packages (China is very interesting with respect to low carbon stimulus) will focus more on concrete action where cities - and companies - that see opportunities with a low carbon development are supported.
Smart cities needed to save our planet
By Dennis Pamlin (China Daily)
Updated: 2009-08-06 07:48
So far most of the focus in the climate discussions has been on big polluting industries. The reason for that is we have approached climate change as a problem. This perspective is leading us toward trade conflicts with entities with unsustainable consumption levels and blaming those with high greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting industries. This could be avoided if we shift to a solution perspective and focus on the opportunities for cities.
Last year was the first time in human history when more than half of the world's population was living in urban, not rural, areas. This trend will continue and in 40 years 70 percent of the world's population will be living in cities. China will lead this development in many ways, with 70 percent of its population living in cities in about 30 years.
Cities are the main destination for investments and centers of innovations. And whether we will destroy or save the planet depends on toward where those investments and innovations are directed: high- or low- carbon development.
To turn cities into solution providers we must move beyond the simplified perspective that have dominated the climate change debate so far, especially in the West. The focus on problems has resulted in a situation where almost all of the work is invested in house-keeping measures to reduce direct GHG emissions in cities. This is not unimportant; it is just one part of a much bigger picture.
A strategy to support low-carbon city development must include at least four factors. We need cities that can do all things well, but right now we also need cities that focus on one of the factors and become world leaders in it.
The most obvious area, and where almost all focus is today, is direct emissions from cities. Cleaning your house is always a good thing. Cities should develop strategies to reduce direct emissions from buildings and transport and all other significant sources. What is important is setting targets and formulating strategies that actually reduce GHG emissions and not just move them to another place.
Ensuring continued focus on energy efficiency and new smart system solutions instead of only looking at decreased use of coal and oil is important. Projects like Shanghai's initiative of building smart buildings is very interesting and would help create a low-carbon 21st century infrastructure based on broadband communications instead of roads and airports.
The second area that must be addressed to ensure that GHG emission problems are not just moved from one place to another is "embedded emissions".
Embedded emissions are those that have been released in order to produce something. If a city is moving a steel plant because it emits huge volumes of carbon but keeps on using as much steel as before then the problem has not been solved; it has only been moved.
Many cities in the rich world that talk about low-carbon development ignore the goods with significant amounts of embedded carbon they import. Research shows emissions a country like Sweden is responsible for would be double if its imports are included. The reason is that Sweden, like other Western countries, exports less-carbon intensive goods than it imports.
The Chinese government has issued regulations to discourage export of energy intensive products and support a low-carbon lifestyle, offering a unique opportunity for its cities to review their imports and exports from a climate perspective.
A very important but still not very well known climate aspect in cities is export of low-carbon solutions. A city is an active part of the global economy, and since there is an urgent need for low-carbon solutions it must support companies that export them.
An export perspective allows cities to focus on companies providing low-carbon solutions and how promoting a low-carbon development can create jobs. Obviously there is a link between direct GHG emissions and the export of low-carbon solutions. If a market is created for new smart solutions in a city, the companies that provide them can first grow in the domestic market and then become important exporters of low-carbon solutions.
If cities become providers of low-carbon solutions they can become "climate positive". Such cities would contribute to more emission reductions from the use of the solutions they export than the GHG they emit. In the future, climate-positive cities could become the most important solution providers on the planet.
Baoding in Hebei province may be well known for its potential to become the world's leading climate-positive city, but it is not the only Chinese city that holds such a promise. Dezhou in Shandong province is one. Products made in these cities are supplied to the domestic as well as the international markets.
Finally, it is important for cities to have a strategy that support multifunctional solutions. While climate change is important, it is not the only challenge we face.
Our efforts to reduce GHG emissions should also help solve other problems.
Solar solutions, for example, can help provide solutions for desalination plants and farming. Some interesting projects are in progress in Wuxi, Jiangsu province, and Suntech is developing integrated solutions that allow desalination and cleaning of water at the same time as providing clean and renewable energy. These solutions would be good not just for the climate, but also increase food production, reduce poverty and help avoid conflicts.
Let's hope Chinese cities become a strong voice for a solution agenda. A lot is already going on in China, but these initiatives still need a stronger international voice.
The author is adviser to various companies, governments and NGOs.
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外籍专家：希望中国成为发展低碳城市的坚强践行者
去年，城市人口在人类历史上首次多于农村人口。今后40年，这种趋势仍将继续，70％的世界人口将居住在城市地区。在这场蔚为壮观的城市化运动中，中国在许多方面都将引领世界潮流。大约30年后，中国这个传统意义上农业国家的城市人口将占总人口的70％。
城市是人类物质投资和智力创新的中心。这颗星球的命运如何取决于我们将这些投资和创新引向何方。目前有两种选择摆在面前，是继续走高碳发展老路，还是转向低碳发展的新途。为了充分发挥城市在解决气候问题中的关键作用，我们必须超越过去简单化的思路，重视打压高碳而忽视低碳发展的思维模式长久以来成为统治全球气候问题谈论的终极逻辑，尤其是在西方世界。这一逻辑催生的解决方案多集中在投资研发能够直接降低温室气体排放量的家用产品和生产技术上。尽管这些对于解决气候问题十分重要，但并不能就此掩盖问题的全貌，更不应该让我们忽视探求其他解决方法的可能。
发展低碳城市的战略至少包括四个主要方面。我们需要那些运转起来有条不紊的城市，但也更加迫切地需要能够切实践行低碳战略的新型城市，并且希望看到这些城市能够在不久的将来成为人类社会发展潮流的引领者。
今天，几乎所有的注意力都集中在城市直接排放的温室气体上。这是解决气候问题最引人注意的领域。自家房屋打扫得干干净净的，让人心情舒畅。城市也应制定旨在限制建筑物、交通及其他重要温室气体排放源的战略。但减少直接排放的同时更要注意不能将碳排放通过其他实物形式转移到其他地方，从而造成隐性温室气体排放。注意提高能源利用效率，制定合理的、系统的解决方案要比仅仅盯住煤炭和石油使用重要得多。上海新近出台的建设环保型住宅的计划具有重大的现实意义。21世纪低碳型建筑由宽带光缆连接，而非像现在这样强烈依赖于公路走向和机场布局。
解决温室气体排放问题的第二个重要方面是“嵌入式排放”。这种排放产生于产品制造环节。如果一座城市因为减排需要搬迁一家钢铁厂，但依然无法减轻对钢铁产品的需求，那么搬迁并没有从根本上解决排放问题，只不过是将温室气体转移到了另外一个地方。西方许多城市提倡低碳型发展，但都忽视了存在于他们进口商品中的巨大碳含量。研究表明，即使像瑞典这样的国家，如果将其进口产品中的碳含量计算在内，那么其温室气体排放量是其本身直接排放量的两倍。西方发达国家大量进口高碳产品，却很少制造或者出口这样的产品。
中国政府已经发布了有关限制能源密集型产品出口及支持低碳型生活的规定。中国城市也开始从气候和环境的角度重新考量它们的进口与出口。针对气候问题，城市可以切实做一些重要的工作，但这些工作目前还远未得到人们的重视，其中之一就是生产并出口低碳型产品。直接温室气体排放与低碳产品的生产之间存在密切联系。城市是全球经济中的最活跃的部分。低碳型产品需求量巨大，城市应当大力支持生产这种产品的公司。国内及海外市场的巨大需求也必定促使相关生产商加大研发力度，努力争夺市场份额，同时也有利于为城市创造大量就业机会。
如果城市本身成为低碳产品的提供者，那么它们就可以为解决气候问题作出积极贡献。出口低碳产品将大大降低城市的碳排放量，甚至比直接减排措施更加有效。这种低碳型城市未来必将成为解决全球气候问题的关键所在。河北省保定市具有成为低碳城市的巨大潜力，像这样的中国城市还有很多，山东省德州市就是另外一例。这些中国内陆城市生产的产品大量出口到国际市场，地理位置不会妨碍其成为国际低碳城市的步伐。因而，中国在发展低碳城市方面潜力巨大，完全有理由凭借其在国际市场上的地位，为解决气候问题作出更大贡献。
最后，城市也应当制定合理的战略计划支持综合型环保产品的研发和生产。气候问题并不是当今人类面对的唯一挑战。我们在着力应对温室气体排放同时，还应注意解决其他重大问题。例如，太阳能对海水淡化和农业生产都具有十分重要的意义。江苏省无锡市就在进行一系列有益尝试。无锡尚德太阳能电力有限公司（Suntech）正在开发一项综合技术，淡化净化海水的同时提供清洁和可再生能源。类似的技术和产品不仅有利于解决气候问题，而且可以帮助提高粮食产量，减少贫困人口，甚至避免地区冲突。
我们希望中国能够成为发展低碳城市的强力支持者和践行者。尽管中国已经在这一领域做了相当多的工作，但这些做法和计划依然需要更好地向国际社会进行传播和推广，让所有国家都充分意识到低碳型发展的重要意义。（作者为世界自然基金会顾问 Dennis Pamlin 编辑 裴培 张峰）